PASI YLI-PIRILä

Yhteystiedot

Tutkimusryhmät

• Pienhiukkas- ja aerosolitekniikan laboratorio - FINE

Julkaisut

• Das, Gouri Sankar; Bhatnagar, Amit; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Tripathi, Kumud Malika; Kim, TaeYoung. 2020. Sustainable nitrogen-doped functionalized graphene nanosheets for visible-light-induced photocatalytic water splitting Chemical communications 56: 6953-6956. 2020
• Hartikainen, Anni; Tiitta, Petri; Ihalainen, Mika; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Orasche, Jürgen; Czech, Hendryk; Kortelainen, Miika; Lamberg, Heikki; Suhonen, Heikki; Koponen, Hanna; Hao, Liqing; Zimmermann, Ralf; Jokiniemi, Jorma; Tissari, Jarkko; Sippula, Olli. 2020. Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure Atmospheric chemistry and physics 20 11: 6357-6378. 2020
• Ihantola, Tuukka; Di Bucchianico, Sebastiano; Happo, Mikko; Ihalainen, Mika; Uski, Oskari; Bauer, Stefanie; Kuuspalo, Kari; Sippula, Olli; Tissari, Jarkko; Oeder, Sebastian; Hartikainen, Anni; Rönkkö, Teemu J; Martikainen, Maria-Viola; Huttunen, Kati; Vartiainen, Petra; Suhonen, Heikki; Kortelainen, Miika; Lamberg, Heikki; Leskinen, Ari; Sklorz, Martin et al [incl. Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Hirvonen, Maij. 2020. Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke Particle and fibre toxicology 17 1: 27. 2020
• Mofikoya, Adedayo; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Kivimäenpää, Minna; Blande, James; Virtanen, Annele; Holopainen, Jarmo. 2020. Deposition of α-pinene oxidation products on plant surfaces affects plant VOC emission and herbivore feeding and oviposition Environmental pollution 263 Part B: 114437. 2020
• Ihalainen, Mika; Tiitta, Petri; Czech, Hendryk; Yli-Pirila, Pasi; Hartikainen, Anni; Kortelainen, Miika; Tissari, Jarkko; Stengel, Benjamin; Sklorz, Martin; Suhonen, Heikki; Lamberg, Heikki; Leskinen, Ari; Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid; Harndorf, Horst; Zimmermann, Ralf; Jokiniemi, Jorma; Sippula, Olli. 2019. A novel high-volume Photochemical Emission Aging flow tube Reactor (PEAR) Aerosol science and technology 53 3: 276-294. 2019
• Kari, Eetu; Faiola, Celia L; Isokääntä, Sini; Miettinen, Pasi; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Buchholz, Angela; Kivimäenpää, Minna; Mikkonen, Santtu; Holopainen, Jarmo K; Virtanen, Annele. 2019. Time-resolved characterization of biotic stress emissions from Scots pines being fed upon by pine weevil by means of PTR-ToF-MS Boreal environment research 24: 25-49. 2019
• Kari, Eetu; Hao, Liqing; Ylisirniö, Arttu; Buchholz, Angela; Leskinen, Ari; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Nuutinen, llpo; Kuuspalo, Kari; Jokiniemi, Jorma; Faiola, Celia L; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Virtanen, Annele). 2019. Potential dual effect of anthropogenic emissions on the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) Atmospheric chemistry and physics 19 2: 15651-15671. 2019
• Sippula, O; Huttunen, K; Hokkinen, J; Kärki, S; Suhonen, H; Kajolinna, T; Kortelainen, M; Karhunen, T; Jalava, P; Uski, O; Yli-Pirilä, P; Hirvonen, MR; Jokiniemi, J. 2019. Emissions from a fast-pyrolysis bio-oil fired boiler: Comparison of health-related characteristics of emissions from bio-oil, fossil oil and wood Environmental pollution 248: 888-897. 2019
• Bhattarai, Hem Raj; Virkajärvi, Perttu; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Maljanen, Marja. 2018. Emissions of atmospherically important nitrous acid (HONO) gas from northern grassland soil increases in the presence of nitrite (NO2-). AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT 256: 194-199. 2018
• Faiola, CL; Buchholz, A; Kari, E; Yli-Pirilä, P; Holopainen, JK; Kivimäenpää, M; Miettinen, P; Worsnop, DR; Lehtinen, KEJ; Guenther, AB; Virtanen, A. 2018. Terpene Composition Complexity Controls Secondary Organic Aerosol Yields from Scots Pine Volatile Emissions Scientific reports 8: 3053. 2018
• Hartikainen, Anni; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Tiitta, Petri; Leskinen, Afi; Kortelainen, Miika; Orasche, Juergen; Schnelle-Kreis, Juergen; Lehtinen, Kari E J; Zimmermann, Ralf; Jokiniemi, Jorma; Sippula, Olli. 2018. Volatile Organic Compounds from Logwood Combustion: Emissions and Transformation under Dark and Photochemical Aging Conditions in a Smog Chamber Environmental Science and Technology 52 8: 4979-4988. 2018
• Kari, Eetu; Miettinen, Pasi; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Virtanen, Annele; Faiola, Celia L. 2018. PTR-ToF-MS product ion distributions and humidity-dependence of biogenic volatile organic compounds. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 430: 87-97. 2018
• Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Copolovici Lucian, Kännaste Astrid, Noe Steffen, Blande James D, Mikkonen Santtu, Klemola Tero, Pulkkinen Juha, Virtanen Annele, Laaksonen Ari, Joutsensaari Jorma, Niinemets Ülo, Holopainen Jarmo K. 2016. Herbivory by an outbreaking moth increases emissions of biogenic volatiles and leads to enhanced secondary organic aerosol formation capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 50 21: 11501-11510. 2016
• Väisänen T, Laitinen K, Tomppo L, Joutsensaari J, Raatikainen O, Lappalainen R, Yli-Pirilä P. 2016. A rapid technique for monitoring volatile organic compound emissions from wood-plastic composites. INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2018; 27 2: 194-204. 2016
• Tiitta Petri, Leskinen Ari, Hao Liqing, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Kortelainen Miika, Grigonyte Julija, Tissari Jarkko, Lamberg Heikki, Hartikainen Anni, Kuuspalo Kari, Kortelainen Aki-Matti, Virtanen Annele, Lehtinen Kari EJ, Komppula Mika, Pieber Simone, Prévôt André SH, Onasch Timothy B, Worsnop Douglas R, Czech Hendryk, Zimmermann Ralf et al. 2016. Transformation of logwood combustion emissions in a smog chamber: formation of secondary organic aerosol and changes in the primary organic aerosol upon daytime and nighttime aging ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 16: 13251-13269. 2016
• Kari Eetu, Hao Liqing, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Leskinen Ari, Kortelainen Miika, Grigonyte Julija, Worsnop Douglas R, Jokiniemi Jorma, Sippula Olli, Faiola Celia I, Virtanen Annele. 2016. Effect of Pellet Boiler Exhaust on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from alpha-Pinene. Environmental Science and Technology 2017; 51 3: 1423-1432. 2016
• Farré-Armengol G, Peñuelas J, Li T, Yli-Pirilä P, Filella I, Llusia J, Blande JD. 2016. Ozone degrades floral scent and reduces pollinator attraction to flowers. NEW PHYTOLOGIST 209 1: 152-160. 2016
• Joutsensaari J, Yli-Pirilä P, Korhonen H, Arola A, Blande JD, Heijari J, Kivimäenpää M, Mikkonen S, Hao L, Miettinen P, Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, Faiola CL, Laaksonen A, Holopainen JK. 2015. Biotic stress accelerates formation of climate-relevant aerosols in boreal forests. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 15: 12139-12157. 2015
• Leppänen Maija, Korpi Anne, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Lehto Maili, Wolff Henrik, Kosma Veli-Matti, Alenius Harri, Pasanen Pertti. 2015. Negligible respiratory irritation and inflammation potency of pigmentary TiO2 in mice. INHALATION TOXICOLOGY 27 8: 378-386. 2015
• Leskinen A, Yli-Pirilä P, Kuuspalo K, Sippula O, Jalava P, Hirvonen M-R, Jokiniemi J, Virtanen A, Komppula M, Lehtinen KEJ. 2015. Characterization and testing of a new environmental chamber. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8: 2267-2278. 2015
• Keskinen Helmi, Kortelainen Aki-Matti, Jaatinen Antti, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Joutsensaari Jorma, Romakkaniemi Sami, Hao Liqing, Torvela Tiina, Miettinen Pasi, Virtanen Annele, Worsnop Douglas R, Laaksonen Ari, Smith James N. 2014. Increased hygroscopicity of Arizona Test Dust seeds by secondary organic aerosol coating from Increased hygroscopicity of Arizona Test Dust seeds by secondary organic alfa-pinene ozonolysis. BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 19 suppl. B: 182-190. 2014
• Kokkola Harri, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Vesterinen Milko, Korhonen Hannele, Keskinen Helmi, Romakkaniemi Sami, Hao Liqing, Kortelainen Aki, Joutsensaari Jorma, Worsnop Douglas R, Virtanen Annele, Lehtinen Kari E J. 2014. The role of low volatile organics on secondary organic aerosol formation. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 14: 1689-1700. 2014
• Leppänen Maija, Korpi Anne, Mikkonen Santtu, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Lehto Maili, Pylkkänen Lea, Wolff Henrik, Kosma Veli-Matti, Alenius Harri, Joutsensaari Jorma, Pasanen Pertti. 2014. Inhaled silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles induced airway irritation, airflow limitation and inflammation in mice. Nanotoxicology 2015; 9 2: 210-218. 2014
• Leskinen A, Yli-Pirilä P, Kuuspalo K, Sippula O, Jalava P, Hirvonen M-R, Jokiniemi J, Virtanen A, Komppula M, Lehtinen KEJ. 2014. Characterization and testing of a new environmental chamber designed for emission aging studies. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussion 7 6: 5921-5951. 2014
• Maja Mengistu M, Kasurinen Anne, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Joutsensaari Jorma, Klemola Tero, Holopainen Toini, Holopainen Jarmo K. 2014. Contrasting responses of silver birch VOC emissions to short- and long-term herbivory. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 34 3: 241-252. 2014
• Böge Olaf, Mutzel Anke, Iinuma Yoshiteru, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Kahnt Ariane, Joutsensaari Jorma, Herrmann Hartmut. 2013. Gas-phase products and secondary organic aerosol formation from the ozonolysis and photooxidation of myrcene. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 79: 553-560. 2013
• Kannosto Jonna, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Hao Liqing, Leskinen Jani, Jokiniemi Jorma, Mäkelä Jyrki, Joutsensaari Jorma, Laaksonen Ari, Worsnop Douglas R, Keskinen Jorma, Virtanen Annele. 2013. Bounce characteristics of α-pinene derived SOA particles with implications to physical phase. BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 18: 329-340. 2013
• Maljanen M, Yli-Pirilä P, Hytönen J, Joutsensaari J, Martikainen PJ. 2013. Acidic northern soils as sources of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO). SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY 67: 94-97. 2013
• Räsänen Janne, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Holopainen Toini, Joutsensaari Jorma, Pasanen Pertti, Kivimäenpää Minna. 2012. Soil drought increases atmospheric fine particle capture efficiency of Norway spruce BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 17: 21-30. 2012
• Jalava Pasi, Aakko-Saksa Päivi, Murtonen Timo, Happo Mikko, Markkanen Ari, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Hakulinen Pasi, Hillamo Risto, Mäki-Paakkanen Jorma, Salonen Raimo, Jokiniemi Jorma, Hirvonen Maija-Riitta. 2012. Toxicological properties of emission particles from heavy duty engines powered by conventional and bio-based diesel fuels and compressed natural gas. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 9: 37. 2012
• Jalava P, Happo M, Murtonen T, Yli-Pirilä P, Hakulinen P, Aakko-Saksa P, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen M-R. 2012. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of emission particles from heavy EURO4 engine operated with conventional and biobased diesel fuels and compressed natural gas. Teoksessa: (toim.), EAC 2012 Digital Abstract Book. ss. P259. 2012
• Lamberg Heikki, Nuutinen Kati, Tissari Jarkko, Ruusunen Jarno, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Sippula Olli, Tapanainen Maija, Jalava Pasi, Makkonen Ulla, Teinilä Kimmo, Saarnio Karri, Hillamo Risto, Hirvonen Maija-Riitta, Jokiniemi Jorma. 2011. Physicochemical characterization of fine particles from small-scale wood combustion. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 45: 7635-7643. 2011
• Tapanainen Maija, Jalava Pasi I., Mäki-Paakkanen Jorma, Hakulinen Pasi, Happo Mikko S., Lamberg Heikki, Ruusunen Jarno, Tissari Jarkko, Nuutinen Kati, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Hillamo Risto, Salonen Raimo O., Jokiniemi Jorma, Hirvonen Maija-Riitta. 2011. In vitro immunotoxic and genotoxic activities of particles emitted from two different small-scale wood combustion appliances. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 45 40: 7546-7554. 2011
• Virtanen Annele, Kannosto Jonna, Kuuluvainen H, Arffman A, Joutsensaari Jorma, Saukko E, Hao L, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Tiitta Petri, Holopainen JK, Keskinen J, Worsnop DR, Smith JN, Laaksonen Ari. 2011. Bounce behavior of freshly nucleated biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 11: 8759-8766. 2011
• Hao Liqing, Romakkaniemi Sami, Yli-Pirilä Pasi, Joutsensaari Jorma, Kortelainen Aki, Kroll JH, Miettinen, Pasi, Vaattovaara Petri, Tiitta, Petri, Jaatinen Antti, Kajos MK, Holopainen JK, Heijari J, Rinne J, Kulmala Markku, Worsnop DR, Smith James & Laaksonen Ari. 2011. Mass yields of secondary organic aerosols from the oxidation of α-pinene and real plant emissions. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 11: 1367-1378. 2011
• Petri Vaattovaara, Tuukka Petäjä, Jorma Joutsensaari, Pasi Miettinen, Boris Zaprudin, Aki Kortelainen, Juha Heijari, Pasi Yli-Pirilä, Pasi Aalto, Doug R.Worsnop, Ari Laaksonen. 2010. The Effect of Pollution on Newly-formed Particle Composition in Boreal Forest, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 12, EGU2010-9467, 2010, EGU General Assembly 2010, Vienna, Austria. 1. 2010
• Räsänen JV, Kivimäenpää M, Pasanen P, Joutsensaari J, Yli-Pirilä P & Holopainen T. 2010. The effects of soil drought and needle age on fine particle capture efficiency of Norway spruce (Picea abies), IX Finnish Symposium on Plant Science (Reports and Studies in Forestry and Natural Sciences 1, 2010). 112. 2010
• Viitanen AK, Saukko E, Virtanen A, Yli-Pirilä P, Smith JN, Joutsensaari J & Mäkelä JM. 2010. Ion Mobility Distributions during the Initial Stages of New Particle Formation by the Ozonolysis of α-Pinene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 44: 8917-8923. 2010
• Virtanen A, Joutsensaari J, Koop T, Kannosto J, Yli-Pirilä P, Leskinen J, Mäkelä JM, Holopainen JK, Pöschl U, Kulmala M, Worsnop DR & Laaksonen A. 2010. An amorphous solid state of biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles. NATURE (LONDON) 467: 824-827. 2010
• Sippula O, Hokkinen J, Lamberg H, Puustinen H, Yli-pirilä P, Tissari J, Jokiniemi J. 2009. Particle emissions from small biomass and fuel oil fired heating units, 17th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition. 1329-1337. 2009
• Sippula O, Hokkinen J, Puustinen H, Yli-Pirilä P, Jokiniemi J. 2009. Comparison of particle emissions from small heavy fuel oil and wood-fired boilers ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 43: 4855-4864. 2009
• Sippula O, Hokkinen J, Puustinen H, Yli-Pirilä P, Jokiniemi J. 2009. Particle emissions from small wood-fired district heating units. ENERGY & FUELS 23: 2974-2982. 2009
• Joutsensaari J, Yli-Pirilä P, Blande JD, Heijari J, Holopainen JK, Worsnop DR, Laaksonen A. 2009. SOA formation by ozonolysis of biogenic VOCs emitted from biotic stressed boreal trees, Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 18th International Conference.ICPF ASCR, v.v.i. and CAS. 309-312. 2009
• Hao LQ, Yli-Pirilä P, Tiitta P, Romakkaniemi S, Vaattovaara P, Kajos MK, Rinne J, Heijari J, Kortelainen A, Miettinen P, Kroll JH, Holopainen JK, Smith JN, Joutsensaari J, Kulmala M, Worsnop DR, Laaksonen A. 2009. New particle formation from the oxidation of direct emissions of pine seedlings. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 9: 8121-8137. 2009
• Hytönen K, Yli-Pirilä P, Tissari J, Gröhn A, Riipinen I, Lehtinen KEJ, Jokiniemi J. 2009. Gas-particle distribution of PAHs in wood combustion emission determined with annular denuders, filter, and polyurethane foam adsorbent AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 43: 442-454. 2009
• Joutsensaari J, Yli-Pirilä P, Heijari J, Holopainen JK, Miettinen P, Raatikainen T, Rautiainen J, Worsnop DR, Laaksonen A. 2007. Secondary organic aerosol formation by ozonolysis of volatiles emitted from trees, NOSA Aerosol Symposium. Conference proceedings.Nordic Society for Aerosol Research. 38-39. 2007
• Kokotti H, Jauhiainen T, Yli-Pirilä P, Hirvonen A, Halonen R, Korpi A, Keskikuru T, Kujanpää L, Reiman M. 2007. Air quality in indoor swimming pools: associations with air distribution, water treatment, aerosols and airway symptoms, Proceedings of the 2nd PALENC Conference and the 28th AIVC conference. Buiding low energy cooling and advanced ventilation technologies in the 21st century. 556-560. 2007
• Sippula O, Jokiniemi J, Puustinen H, Hokkinen J, Yli-Pirilä P. 2007. Pienten kaukolämpölaitosten hiukkaspäästöissä suuria eroja. ILMANSUOJELU-LEHTI 4: 16-20. 2007
• Raunemaa T, Yli-Pirilä P, Hirvonen A, Nuutinen J, Päivinen M, Kujala U, Jauhiainen T, Korpi A, Halonen R, Kokotti H, Keskikuru T. 2006. Uimahallien aerosolipitoisuudet ja koostumus, ilmanjako, vedenkäsittely sekä uimahallin käyttäjien hengitystiealtistuminen: Säteri J, Backman H, Sisäilmastoseminaari 2006. Sisäilmayhdistys raportti. 101-105. 2006
• Yli-Pirilä P, Hokkinen J, Puustinen H, Sippula O, Willman P, Jokiniemi J. 2006. Particle emissions from two district heating units operating on biofuel and heavy fuel oil, 7th International Aerosol Conference. Abstract book.AAAR. 242-243. 2006
• Tissari JM, Hytönen KH, Lyyränen J, Yli-Pirilä P, Suonmaa V, Turrek T, Willman P, Jokiniemi JK. 2006. Comparison of emissions from a small masonry heater in good and poor combustion conditions. Teoksessa: (toim.), Abstract book of 2006 International Aerosol Conference.AAAR. ss. 252-253. 2006
• Hytönen K, Tissari J, Yli-Pirilä P, Jokiniemi J. 2006. PAH-emissions from a masonry heater in small scale wood combustion, 7th International Aerosol Conference 2006. Abstract Book.AAAR. 245-246. 2006
• Jokiniemi J, Hokkinen J, Puustinen H, Yli-Pirilä P, Sippula O. 2006. Biomassan ja raskaan polttoöljyn pienhiukkaspäästöt ilman tehokasta suodatusta - BIOPOR. Teoksessa: (toim.), FINE - Pienhiukkaset - Teknologia, ympäristö ja terveys 2002-2005.TEKES. Teknologiaohjelmaraportti . ss. 37-40. 2006
• Hautamäki M, Yli-Pirilä P, Pasanen P. 2006. Sisäilman hiukkaspitoisuuksiin vaikuttavat lähteet koneellisesti ilmastoiduissa rakennuksissa: Säteri J, Backman H, Sisäilmastoseminaari 2006.Sisäilmayhdistys ry. Sisäilmayhdistys raportti. 141-145. 2006
• Hautamäki M, Yli-Pirilä P, Pasanen P. 2006. Determinants of indoor air particle concentrations in mechanically ventilated buildings: de Oliveira Fernandes E, Gameiro da Silva M, Rosado Pinto J, Proceedings of HB 2006 healthy buildings. 475-478. 2006
• Hyttinen M, Yli-pirilä P, Björkroth M, Pasanen P, Raunemaa T, Kalliokoski P. 2003. Ultrafine and fine particles, VOC and odour emissions from dusty air filters: Tham Kwok Wai, Chandra Sekhar, David Cheong, Healthy Buildings 2003 Energy-Efficient Healthy Buildings. Proceedings of ISIAQ 7th International Conference.NUS, ISIAQ, USEPA, AIHA. 98-103. 2003
• Reiman M, Yli-Pirilä P, Kujanpää L, Kokotti H, Seuri M, Halonen R, Asikainen V, Raunemaa T. 2003. Coincidence of microbial findings, complaints and symptoms in a building: Tham Kwok Wai, Chandra Sekhar, David Cheong, Healthy Buildings 2003 Energy-Efficient Healthy Buildings. Proceedings of ISIAQ 7th International Conference.NUS, ISIAQ, USEPA, AIHA. 30-35. 2003
• Jauhiainen T, Keskikuru T, Halonen R, Reiman M, Kujanpää L, Yli-Pirilä P, Raunemaa T, Kokotti H. 2002. The relationship of structures and air conditioning to indoor air quality in two indoor swimming pools. Teoksessa: Levin H (toim.), Indoor Air 2002. Proceedings: 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate.Indoor Air 2002. ss. 842-847. 2002
• Yli-Pirilä P, Raunemaa T, Hirvonen A, Pasanen P, Nuutinen J, Hyttinen M. 2002. IAQ assessment in two indoor swimming pools: Swimmers' exposure to aerosols, VOC and carbonyl compounds: Levin H, Indoor Air 2002. Proceedings: 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate.Indoor Air 2002. 255-260. 2002