Molecular Medicine

Our focus is mainly translational – we are a gateway on the road from bench to bedside. Our team develops clinically relevant large in vivo disease models (pig) for myocardial ischemia and heart failure that we utilize in our research for novel therapies. We also use novel imaging modalities such as angiographic imaging and PET in our studies, some in collaboration with Kuopio University Hospital. In addition, we investigate delivery methods, effectiveness and feasibility of our myocardial gene therapy vectors that include angiogenic growth factors in large in vivo models. People involved

• Juho Pajula, Jaakko Lampela, Jonna Räisänen, Niko Järveläinen, Satu Siimes, Minja Heikkilä, Anni Määttä, Hanna Wang, Petri Mäkinen, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala

Collaborators

• Kuopio University Hospital, Turku PET Center

Selected publications

• Pajula, J. J., Halonen, P. J., Hätinen, O. P., Ylä-Herttuala, S., & Nurro, J. (2020). Adenoviral Gene Transfer of Gremlin Modulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A-Induced Angiogenesis in Porcine Myocardium.  Human Gene Therapy, 31 (3–4), 211–218.
• Lähteenvuo, J., Hätinen, O. P., Kuivanen, A., Huusko, J., Paananen, J., Lähteenvuo, M., … Ylä-Herttuala, S. (2020). Susceptibility to Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sympathetic Nerve Growth in VEGF-B Overexpressing Myocardium.  Molecular Therapy, 28 (7), 1731–1740.
• Hätinen, O. P. A., Lähteenvuo, J. E., Korpela, H. J., Pajula, J. J., & Ylä-Herttuala, S. (2019). Isolation of fresh endothelial cells from porcine heart for cardiovascular studies: A new fast protocol suitable for genomic, transcriptomic and cell biology studies. BMC Molecular and Cell Biology 20 (1).

In the Academy of Finland funded COVID-19 vaccine project, we aim to develop an adenoviral vector vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Our adenovirus vector expresses part of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.  Once the vaccine is administered as a nasal spray it is estimated to produce strong immunity against the disease. People involved

• Ahmed Tawfek, Aino Sormunen, Erika Gurzeler-Tiihonen, Nihay Laham-Karam, Petri Mäkinen, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala

Collaborators

• Kalle Saksela (HU), Kari Alitalo (HU)

We are investigating malignant brain tumors. In these projects we focus on glioblastoma. We are determing its characteristics and aiming for the discovery of new cancer biomarkers. In addition, we are using multiple approaches to modeling disease and importantly we utilize patient material. More detailed information of biomarkers may benefit patient diagnostics and help to select better and personalized therapies in the future.

People involved

• Venla Olsson, Alisa Nousiainen, Suvi Shemeikka,  Minna Niittykoski, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala

Collaborators

• Vincenzo Cerullo (University of Helsinki), Dario Greco (Tampere University Foundation Sr), Antti Huotarinen (Kuopio University Hospital) and Collaborators Susanna Rantala (Kuopio University Hospital)

Selected publications

• Niittykoski M,von und zu Fraunberg M, Martikainen M, Rauramaa T, Immonen A, Koponen S, Leinonen V, Vähä-Koskela M, Zhang Q, Kühnel F, Mei Y-F, Ylä-Herttuala S, Jääskeläinen JE, Hinkkanen A: Immunohistochemical characterization and sensitivity to human adenovirus serotypes 3, 5 and 11p of new cell lines derived from human diffuse grade lI-IV grade gliomas. Transl Oncol., 10: 772-779, 2017

Viral vectors are powerful gene therapy and research tools. To improve them we have been developing different strategies to either target them to specific cell types or to use them to regulate endogenous gene expression. These strategies have in common our use of either non-coding RNA or elements of the non-coding genome, such as super-enhancers. We have used promoter-targeted small hairpin (sh)RNA in lentiviral vectors (LV) to activate gene expression. Our targets have been members of the VEGF family which are crucial for angiogenesis or building vessels from existing ones. This is the sought-after therapy for treatment of ischemia related cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, strokes and peripheral limb ischemia.  By targeting the promoters of the VEGF family members with shRNA we have been able to either increase or decrease their expression, the mechanisms of this are unclear but are associated with epigenetic modification towards a more open chromatin phenotype (see Figure). Endothelial cells are the sole building blocks of blood vessels and so targeting therapeutic vectors to these cells would greatly benefit angiogenic gene therapy.  To achieve this, we have screened super-enhancers, which have been associated with cell lineage, to select from within these enhancers to limit expression to endothelial cells. We successfully identified an enhancer that allows expression of a vector transgene specifically to endothelial cells and by using CRISPR/Cas9 deletions of these enhancers we were able to identify previously unknown mediators of vessel sprouting. Our rationale strategy has yielded targeted vectors and is a proof-of-principle for development of other cell-type vectors. Our future studies include identification of endothelial and hypoxia specific circular RNA, another class of non-coding RNA that have recently been identified that may be important in gene regulation. These may offer further avenues for gene therapy. People involved

• Tuisku Suoranta, Maria Barbiera, Theodore Boc, Aino Sormunen, Anni Herrala, Mari Mäkelä, Nihay Laham-Karam, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala

Collaborators

• Johanna Laakkonen, Adam Whaley-Connell, Elias Ylä-Herttuala

Selected publications

• Mushimiyimana I, Niskanen H, Beter M, Laakkonen JP, Kaikkonen M, Ylä-Herttuala S., Laham-Karam N. Discovery and characterisation of functional endothelial super-enhancers. Nucleic Acids Research. 2021; 20;49(14):8078-8096.
• Mushimiyimana I, Tomas Bosch V, Niskanen H, Downes N, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laham-Karam N, Kaikkonen M. Genomic landscapes of VEGF family members in endothelial cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 41(7): e0059420.
• Suoranta T, Laham-Karam N, Ylä-Herttuala S. Optimised protocol for accurate titration of AAV vectors. Human Gene Therapy. 2021;32(19-20).

Our research interests cover the development of safe and efficient gene transfer tools and their use to treat inherited and acquired diseases, such as familial hypercholesterolemia and heart failure with gene therapy. We also aim to generate safe and maximally efficient chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells) for the needs of cell therapy. Our primary tools are lentivirus vectors (LVs), which we have optimized at many levels to be best suited for disease-specific treatments. Surface-modifications of the vectors are designed to limit gene transfer to desired cells and tissues only, while targeted integration of the therapeutic genes into genomic safe harbor sites minimizes the risks for insertional mutagenesis. These modifications reduce potential side-effects of gene therapy, minimize the risks for adverse events and improve the overall safety of gene therapy. In addition to LVs that carry modifications in their integration machinery, we use the CRISPR/Cas system for targeted integration and genome editing. Our most recent publication shows how the introduction of an endonuclease into the integration machinery of LVs efficiently retargets vector integration away from unique protein-encoding genes and promotes targeted integration into the area of interest with an over 20% efficiency (Schenkwein et al, 2020). People involved

• Alisa Nousiainen, Pracheta De,  Diana Schenkwein, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala

Collaborators

• Finnish Red Cross Blood Service

Selected publications

• Schenkwein D, Afzal S, Nousiainen A, Schmidt M, Ylä-Herttuala S. Efficient Nuclease-Directed Integration of Lentivirus Vectors into the Human Ribosomal DNA Locus. Mol Ther. 2020 Aug 5;28(8):1858-1875. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.05.019.

The mouse has been an important model organism to study human cardiovascular diseases due to its relatively high genome similarity and fast breeding rate. Our mouse models cover many cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure and ischemic heart disease. In addition to these, we use small in vivo models to study lipid metabolism, type 2 diabetes related cardiovascular complications and ocular neovascularisation. Our goal is to find novel gene therapies for these devastating diseases as well as to study the disease pathology. People involved

• Sanna Kettunen, Erika Gurzeler, Rahul Mallick, Sanna Koponen, Krista Hokkanen, Galina Wirth, Diana Törmä, Anna Slita, Durga Devi Thota, Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen and Seppo Ylä-Herttuala

Selected publications

• Gurzeler E, Aavik E, Laine A, Valkama T, Niskanen H, Huusko J, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S. Therapeutic effects of rosuvastatin in hypercholesterolemic prediabetic mice in the absence on low density lipoprotein receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Sub. 2019 Feb;1863(2):481-490.
• Tirronen A, Vuorio T, Kettunen S, Hokkanen K, Ramms B, Niskanen H, Laakso H, Kaikkonen MU, Jauhiainen M, Gordts PLSM, Ylä-Herttuala S. Deletion of lymphangiogenic and angiogenic growth factor VEGF-D leads to severe hyperlipidemia and delayed clearance of chylomicron remnants.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018 Oct;38(10):2327-2337.
• Kokki E, Karttunen T, Olsson V, Kinnunen K, Ylä-Herttuala S. Human vascular endothelial growth factor A(165) expression induces the mouse model of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.  Genes (Basel). 2018 Aug 31;9(9):438.
• Devi D,  Babu M, Mäkinen P, Kaikkonen MU, Heinäniemi M, Laakso H, Ylä-Herttuala E, Rieppo L, Liimatainen T, Naumenko N, Tavi P, Ylä-Herttuala S. Aggravated Postinfarct Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated with Impaired Mitophagy and Exaggerated Inflammasome Activation. Am J Pathol. 2017 Dec;187(12):2659-2673.

Histopathological analysis alongside with sophisticated imaging techniques (MRI, IVUS, CT etc.) have been used to look for changes in arterial wall that will explain the atherosclerotic lesion formation. Histopathological methods reach single cell resolution but are limited to a small number of markers detectable per tissue slice at a time. This small number of markers (3 – 5 proteins and/or mRNAs) does not allow to distinguish between the subtleties in phenotypes of cells communicating in different types of atherosclerotic lesions. Imaging techniques (MRI, IVUS, CT) are non-invasive, but their spatial resolution is too low to detect individual cells. Collectively, our knowledge about the fine structure (microanatomy) of atherosclerotic lesions needs to be elaborated with the help of modern techniques. Modern massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) allows specification of sets of hundreds of transcripts associated with individual cells, but information regarding the positions of these cells within tissue gets lost upon tissue dissociation. Spatial transcriptomics techniques, on the contrary, map the location of transcripts in tissue precisely but fail to define the identity of the cells that expressed these transcripts. Our aim is to make the most out of the complementary strengths of our scRNA-seq data and advanced spatial transcriptomics technique in analyzing the microanatomy of atherosclerotic lesions. Combining data from the two techniques will allow us to demarcate the biological identity and spatial distribution of cells comprising the architecture of different types of atherosclerotic lesions. In a recent publication (Depuydt et al 2020) we have determined the molecular characteristics of 14 distinct cell types present in human atherosclerotic lesions by scRNA-seq analysis. Molecular profiling of thousands of individual cells has made it possible to pre-select markers suitable for mapping and quantitating defined cell types communicating with each other in different types of atherosclerotic lesions. Expansion microscopy is a novel approach in spatial transcriptomics and it allows detection of tens or even hundreds of expressed genes simultaneously in a tissue block without need for super-resolution microscope. People involved

• Einari Aavik, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala

Collaborators

• Tiit Örd (UEF)

Selected publications

• Depuydt et al. 2020. Microanatomy of the Human Atherosclerotic Plaque by Single-Cell Transcriptomics.

Our research focuses on defining disease mechanisms and developing therapy for cardiovascular diseases. We use state-of-the art cell biological, imaging and sequencing methods to study clinical samples, and identify novel mediators that are used for gene therapy to modulate vascular growth. Our recent publication demonstrated for the first time that BMP6, a growth factor, is able to induce vascular growth and regulate VEGFR2/Hippo signaling, and thus can act as a potential therapeutic target. People involved

• Henna Ilmonen, Miika Kiema, Emma Luoto, Heidi Pulkkinen, Heta Rasinkangas, Mustafa Beter, Suvi Jauhiainen, Johanna Laakkonen

Select Publications

• Pulkkinen HH, Kiema M, Lappalainen JP, Toropainen A, Beter M, Tirronen A, Holappa L, Niskanen H, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP. BMP6/TAZ-Hippo signaling modulates angiogenesis and endothelial cell response to VEGF. Angiogenesis. 2020; 24: 129–144.

                            

Decision: 337120      Grant ID: 825670                                               Grant ID: 884382                    Grant ID: 731532 Grant ID: 945473 ‘ Euro GCT Grant ID: 965241

• Mauro Giacca, Director-General ICGEB Group Leader
• Thierry Vanden Driessche, Professor in medicine
• Marinee Chuah, Associate Professor, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
• Thomas Thum, Professor of Cardiology, Imperial College London
• Juha Hartikainen, Professor of cardiology, University of Eastern Finland
• Reinier A. Boon, University of Frankfurt
• Andrew Baker, Professor of Translational Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh